I ask the enthusiasts and lovers of the true Art of Fencing to grant me that the perfect height of a man is two varas, which is equal to six tercias, or geometric feet. Each foot contains 16 fingers, making the entire figure 96 fingers. This is the height approved by sculptors and painters as natural.
They must also grant me that the sword, by which distances and measurements are to be regulated, should be in accordance with the standard of the Kingdoms of Castile. For by law and decree, it is forbidden for it to be more than five quarters, measured from the crossguard to the tip. Including the hilt and the pommel, which constitutes its full length, it has four tercias, or geometric feet, which is 64 fingers.
Also, as the most excellent sculptors concede that the arm, from the wrist line or back of the hand to the elbow, is one foot; and from there to the center of the arm, which is the shoulder, another foot, making it two feet in total; fencers should also agree. And by adding the 32 fingers of these two feet of the arm to the 64 fingers of the four feet of the sword, from tip to pommel, it sums up to the 96 fingers, which is the six geometric feet that constitute the height of a man.
And having determined that the proportionate middle is chosen, as far as when the arms are extended, the tips of the swords reach the wrist lines: they must agree that between the centers of the shoulders or heels of the right feet of the two combatants, there will be 8 geometric feet of distance. Because the sword has four, and with two from each of the arms, they sum up to the 8 that the diameter line of the common sphere should have.
If the entire sword is divided into four parts, one foot each, it will be evident that the parts closest to the guard are stronger than those near the tip, successively and proportionally, as we see in a balance or scale. To maintain balance, or to raise it, less weight is necessary the farther one moves from the fulcrum, which is the center of the arm.
The sword is stronger in the hand when the crossguards are perpendicular to the horizon than when they are parallel, either upwards or downwards. One must always keep in mind that when the sword is in the vertical plane of the chest, this rule should be followed: the crossguards should not deviate from this plane. But if the sword is in one of the other two planes, lateral or vertical, the crossguards can deviate from this plane and tilt towards the right hand, that is, they can move from the vertical up to 10 degrees, allowing the arm to be more relaxed.
The fencer is allowed, while in the middle of proportion, to move around the circumference of the said sphere in whichever direction they see fit to recognize the weak side of the strong side they intend to attack. Upon recognizing, without any delay, they can seize the opportunity, forming their strike.
Equal steps can be taken in equal times; and less time is required to take a step of two feet than one of three, and a step of three feet requires less time than one of four. The shorter the initial step, the more at ease the body will be to take another step afterward. The closer the movement is to the natural, the easier it is to execute.
Time should not be measured by the quality of the movements but by their quantity. There can be a single movement that takes more time than four. For example, the opponent might spend more time making a forceful or slow movement than the fencer in making a circle with the tip of their sword, in which they make four or five movements. Thus, movements should be measured by the line described by the imagined point on the sword and also by the disposition of the part that is to form the movement; that is, by its quantity and according to the speed with which it is made.
Not all pyramids that can be made with the wrist are equal; for some, less time will be spent than for others. This requires close attention, and the fencer should try to form the smallest pyramids possible, forcing their opponent to form longer ones. The longer the pyramid the opponent makes, the more time they will spend, which the fencer can take advantage of to form their strategies. The more the fencer impedes the opponent’s sword from entering their defenses, the better defended they are, causing the opponent’s movements to be larger and more deliberate.
Just as it is suitable for the body to be upright and at a right angle to the horizon to easily move to its individual circumference, the arm should also be as much in the plane considered immediate between itself and the opponent. From the midpoint, it can better transition to the surface of the pyramid in which it is considered encompassed; that is, where it can be attacked by its opponent. In this manner, one will never need to make large movements to defend.
The upper part of the body, namely the shoulders (where wounds are typically directed), is not spherical and does not have equal width and depth. For this reason, the vertical right plane can be better protected with just the defensive pyramid formed by the guard, rather than the diametral plane where it opposes with its full width. From this, we infer which plane offers more defense, reach, strength, and weakness.
The body is organized such that the arm doesn’t have the same strength or reach across all four planes. When the fencer positions themselves so that the arm is in the vertical right plane, it has its maximum reach but is at its weakest. Moving to the right collateral, it gains strength; on the chest’s diametral plane, it’s even stronger. Reaching the left collateral plane, it has the most strength as the part is closer to the whole. However, in this plane, it has less reach than in others, and in the diametral plane, less than in the right collateral. Thus, there is a significant difference in having the sword on one plane versus another.
Fortifications are made, not only so that few can defend against many, but also so that few do not defeat many when caught off guard. He who builds a fortress must have knowledge, not only of the people who will man it, but also of the number and type of weapons with which it will be attacked, along with the strength of the assault, to proportionately set up its defenses: in the same way, a fencer must seek to have this understanding of his adversary.
The distance an army chooses for its quarters when laying siege to a fortification is done with such proportion that they neither suffer damage from being too close to the fort nor waste more time than necessary on their approaches due to being too far. Thus, one of the maxims is that a fencer must choose this position with such attention that he is neither so close to the fort that he may be at risk, nor so distant that he cannot seize an opportunity his opponent offers. And for that reason, authors have called this the middle of proportion, which will be eight geometric feet in distance from heel to heel or the center of the right arms of the combatants.
The inner defense of our Fortress should be carried out with the guard and half of the Sword up to the hilt, and the offense should be achieved with the point and the edge; and this will not be alternated, because the parts of the Sword closer to and more interior to the center, or body of the fencer, are superior and have dominance over the outer parts of the opponent’s Sword. Knowledge of strength and weakness is essential; following in this, as in all else, the method that is observed in the military, since Fencing is nothing more than a reflection of these aspects, when one wants to launch an attack on a Fortress or Castle.
It is a well-known fact that, for the conquest of any Fortress, one always first seeks to recognize if it has any defect, in order to attack it on that side: the same must be done by the fencer, which is to recognize the Fortress he has to conquer, and after recognizing it, try to fight it on its weakest side.
It must be held as an inviolable maxim and general precept that wherever the fencer establishes himself with his body, he must place his feet at a right angle; meaning one heel directly opposite the other, and this even if they are more or less distant than the span of a geometric foot, which is the most regular distance: this will be observed from the farthest end. Also, on the upper plane, the arm and guard should be positioned in such a way that with one of the vertical, side, or with the tangent lines of the chest, a right angle is formed, or it approaches as close as possible to it; with this, his defense will be immediate; otherwise, it will be contingent. This should be understood from the far end, because in the closer proximity, it will be necessary for the arm and guard to be under the jurisdiction of some of the other angles.
Just as in a siege or encirclement, approaches are made only transversely and obliquely, to avoid damage from the Fortress; similarly, it is fitting that steps should not be taken along the line of the Diameter of the common Orb, because of the great risk of not achieving a beneficial and advantageous inequality over the opponent.
From the circumferential line, which is the median proportion, steps should not be of more than three feet from heel to heel, nor less. In the former case, if exceeded, there will be excessive distance, leaving the body dangerously exposed and out of proportion, making it awkward for the movements to be made afterward; and in the latter case, it will not reach to strike a blow, and if it does, it will be overextending forward. This is understood when operating from the farthest end; to move to the closer proximity and the concluding movement, the largest step should be four geometric feet, or slightly more.