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This is a hand-edited transcription produced from Scans by Bayerische Staatsbibliothek using OCRmyPDF and translated with GPT4 via ChatGPT

CHAPTER TWO.

ART AND METHOD OF THIS Book

Should we consider the reason why, among so many writers that antiquity has had in all sciences and faculties, only some have stood out, gaining the general approval of all and leading those who came after them to follow in their footsteps and acknowledge them as masters in their fields (like Aristotle in Philosophy, Cicero in Rhetoric, Euclid, Apollonius, and Archimedes in Geometry, Ptolemy in Astronomy and Cosmography, Vitruvius in Architecture, and Hippocrates and Galen in Medicine) we will find that it has been simply because they followed the method that their subject matter demanded.

In the Art of Arms, several authors, both Spanish and foreign, have written. Especially among our own are the Comendador Jerónimo de Carranza and Don Luis Pacheco de Narváez, with the approval that is widely recognized. And although both of these two authors have received and continue to receive great acclaim, we still see opinions regarding their teaching methods, given that Don Luis wrote against Carranza, and there have been those who wrote against Don Luis. Even now, many promise they can write against all their works. Up until now, there hasn’t been a way to form a true judgment about who is more correct; approval and criticism of these matters are often reduced to the contingency of a battle, which can be subject to countless accidents. Sometimes, those who understand the theory best can fail in practice, either due to a lack of practice or through negligence.

My intention in this work (as seen in the first book of the Science and as will be recognized in this one about the Art, and in the one that will follow on Experience) is not to contradict anyone. I simply aim to find the best order or method and to pave the way for everyone to judge, not only who wrote best on this subject but also how well practitioners of this science perform. There is a significant number of them throughout all parts of Europe. The subject may seem challenging, but nevertheless, using the means that these great men have employed in their works, I hope to achieve my aim, as can be seen from this discourse. And I dare say that anyone who follows this method will be able to judge accurately the validity or falsehood of any maneuver, whatever it may be. If this is the case, it seems to me that from now on the inconvenience of introducing any doctrine that is not true and well-founded will cease. However, to understand what a method is, it would be wise to define it according to the perspectives of serious authors, both ancient and modern.

DEFINITIONS OF METHOD

Juan Gramatico and Eustachio say that it is a habit that reasons and establishes with a foundation. Tarabella says that it is an acquisition of knowledge about things. Simplicio states that it is a progression to the knowledge of something through a well-ordered path. Jerome Borrie defines it as a short, straight, certain, defined, easy, and unique path by which we come to know sciences. Another modern author says that it is a path that leads to knowledge without error. Plato refers to method as the form of the sciences and the arts. Anaxagoras says that it is a gift of the mind. Aristotle calls it the nature of things. And others say that it is a certain reason or way of investigating the truth, either through definitions, divisions, or discourses.

Authors give us many types of methods, such as Demonstrative, Resolutive, and Compositive; however, all are encompassed under these last two. The Resolutive, which they call Analysis, serves to search and inquire about the sciences, and the Compositive to teach them.

The Resolutive starts from the object of the thing that is intended to be inquired, as more universal, and goes backward through its categorical and predicamental degrees until it stops at the most specific and particular subjects and predicates. The Compositive, on the other hand, starts from the particulars and concludes with the universals.

The most universal object of the Art of Arms, when two combatants with equal, double, or single weapons face each other, is to teach the skilled one to strike and defend against the opponent’s attack. Although this proposition is universal for all weapons, my topic in this second book is to discuss the single sword, as the queen of weapons, and the discourse that will be made on it can easily be applied to all weapons.

Considering what immediately precedes striking a blow and defending against the opponent’s, after considering the Agent, the Patient, and the Instrument, I find nothing more immediate than movements. These movements are either made by the body or by the arm and sword. The movements made by the body are of two kinds: they either move from place to place, called Compasses; these can be along straight lines or circles which are named Curved. Those that can be made along straight lines, although they might seem infinite, as there are infinite straight lines that can be drawn from a center to its circumference, I have reduced them to eight distinctions: just as cosmographers, to navigate a ship at sea and direct it to any part of the world, were content to divide the horizon into 32 equal parts to avoid confusion, I am satisfied with a division into eight parts to regulate the movements of the Fencer, within the small space of a hall, where he must practice for his instruction.

The circular movements from place to place will be of two kinds: either by the common circle or by a particular circle of the opponent, whom we call Greatest Orbit. The circular movements around the center will be of six distinctions. The first, with the heel of the right foot as the center of a small circle formed by the tip of the same foot, and the other foot will move by a concentric circle. The second, with the heel of the left foot as the center, the right foot forms a circle. The third, where the tip of the right foot can be the center. The fourth, the tip of the left foot. The fifth, both heels can be centers simultaneously. The sixth, the tips of both feet can be centers of their respective circles. This is what, through Analysis and Division, I have found concerning the matter of movements, which is essential for Skill in Arms: because the sword, by itself, can do nothing unless it is moved, and according to the manner of its movement, will dictate the technique. But as there are so many distinctions in how it can be moved, which at first glance seem incomprehensible, it is necessary for me to emulate the model of the ancient philosophers who, to regulate the movements of the heavens, relied on mathematical sciences, imagining Points, Lines, Angles, Surfaces, and Bodies where none appear. It will not seem unreasonable that if, through these considerations, they have been able to regulate the distinct movements of all the heavens at such great distances, predicting the timing, duration, and magnitude of solar and lunar eclipses and their distances from Earth; I, through the same considerations of imaginary Points, Lines, Angles, Surfaces, and Bodies, intend to regulate the movements of the sword within the brief span of its sphere with a six-foot radius. And if, through these same considerations, there has been a way to regulate the movements of a ship on the unpredictable seas, ensuring it can voyage to any part of the world it wishes, I will also be able to govern the movements that the Fencer must make within the small space of a maximum circle with an eight-foot radius, which is the distance I consider between two combatants when they are in their proportionate center.

In order for mathematicians to better facilitate the understanding of their ideas and what they discovered in their sciences to others, they did not merely content themselves with imagining the aforementioned things; they also crafted physical models suited to their intentions. Just as astronomers, to better explain the structure of the heavens and their movements, constructed the celestial globe and spheres. In these, they not only represented circles that needed consideration, such as the Zodiac and Equatorial, but they also depicted the stars, organized in their constellations, with their correct distances from one another: they created different works to understand the movement of each of the planets.

Geographers created a globe on which they represented the Earth and the seas, along with the most notable features found on it. Through this globe, we can see in an instant what otherwise couldn’t be easily understood.

Those who dealt with perspective crafted their pyramids and conic figures; and from their various sections, they derived rules, not only to portray things in perspective as they appear to the eye but also so that the end of a Gnomon in painted clocks can depict, on any surface, the diurnal and annual movement of the Sun.

Architects, when they have to create a masterpiece, first draft its design and then create a model. This allows them not only to better explain their idea but also to perfect it if it happens to have any defects. They follow the belief of Aristotle that nothing is in the mind that hasn’t first been in one of the senses. It is well known that anyone can make a better judgment about a work by seeing its model rather than just looking at its floor plan and elevation, unless they are very experienced in forming such ideas.

Thus, in imitation of such great men, in order to clarify the idea I have developed on the Skill of Arms and simplify its method, I envision a circle, a model suitable for the subject at hand. As this concerns a kind of military discipline, it seems appropriate to liken it to a movable castle. I envision each of the two combatants to be in their own specific castle. Each one has its imaginary bastions of great use, and I am convinced that this is the only means to easily grasp the fundamental principle of the entire Skill.

I will demonstrate how it is possible for the swordsman to defend this bastion with great ease and with many advantages. Such advantages are akin to those considered between one who fights shielded from a castle or fortress and the one who must assault it. This situation is often seen in the military as being a six against one advantage. Even if it’s just two against one, it suffices for the defender to be assured that, if he guards well, he cannot be defeated by his opponent. I will give the rules for guarding it, after first explaining each of the movements that come together in the formation of the maneuver and the use of each, both for defense and for offense. I will show how to attack the opponent’s stronghold, in case he neglects to guard it. I will attempt to examine the strengths and weaknesses of this castle, focusing on the offensive and defensive weapons that protect it. Ultimately, I will endeavor to apply, wherever possible, military maxims and precepts (as the subject permits). This is because there isn’t much difference between the Skill of Arms and military art, other than battles being either between two individuals or many. The general principles and rules are almost the same, as I will try to demonstrate throughout this work.

A castle or fortress, as practiced in these times, in order to resist an enemy, needs both defensive and offensive weapons. The defensive ones are its walls, parapets, or ramparts and similar structures that offer protection. The offensive ones come in two types: those to keep the enemy at a distance, so that they cannot approach the stronghold without being exposed or facing evident danger, and those like the musket, for close combat, as well as the arquebus, grenades, and other similar weapons.

The castle in which I envision the swordsman, or his adversary, has its imaginary wall, not only with a protective layer, forming with it a shield large enough to cover the entire body; but it also forms with the strong part of his Sword another larger shield, offering greater defense, as will be demonstrated in its respective section. The tip of the Sword keeps the enemy at bay and serves the same purpose as artillery in a fortress; if the opponent approaches too closely without cover, they are at risk of being attacked. The blade of the Sword is also there to strike, either with a cutting or reverse blow, especially if the adversary recklessly comes too close. Moreover, one can strike with the proximal end using the tip, as will be shown later. One can also make a circular motion and wound because if the opponent isn’t defensive in correspondence to the approach, the defender can strike while retreating, or even without retreating, depending on the approach and distance, be it near or far.

In besieged strongholds, their fortifications like bastions, embankments, moats, and external works aren’t the only defense; when the enemy tries to breach the wall or dig a tunnel underneath it, the defenders inside create additional fortifications within the same stronghold. The same privilege is granted to the swordsman; if through negligence, the opponent achieves a favorable position, the swordsman is allowed to reinforce his defenses by retreating within the jurisdiction of his castle, to whichever part he deems most advantageous.

Strongholds can be conquered by assaulting them forcefully, tearing down walls and embankments with artillery, using the power of gunpowder through mines; or by scaling them when there are few defenders inside, or by diversionary tactics attacking from different sides, or due to the negligence of the guards, or due to internal discord among the defenders.

The same can happen in this castle, for victory can be achieved using force, subduing the opponent’s sword, which serves as a wall, or striking with an initial intent when it’s poorly defended due to negligence or ignorance of where to place the defense. You can strike with a secondary intent, trying to divert the sword by attacking different parts, forcing the opponent to defend one part, leaving another defenseless. Through negligence, when the opponent himself provides opportunities. And the last is when movements, both of the body and feet, arm, and sword — the soldiers that defend this stronghold — are not united and in agreement.

Given that there is so much similarity between this imaginary castle and the real fortifications built for the defense of kingdoms and provinces; it is fitting that I describe the shape and magnitude I want to attribute to it. Three main principles or guidelines are adhered to, or should be adhered to, in fortifications. The first is that it’s built so sturdy that it can withstand the weapons with which it is expected to be assaulted: this will be demonstrated in our fortress, for if this proof were lacking, all skill would be in vain. Its primary foundation is defense, and it would matter little to our swordsman if he was taught to wound or kill his opponent if, at the same time, due to lack of defense, he was wounded or killed himself. The second principle is that it should provide adequate space for defense, allowing also for retreats if necessary. This rule will be adhered to in this castle, making it large enough so the swordsman can defend within it and make his retreats if required. The third guideline is that it can be defended with the weapons present in the stronghold, and in this regard, the defense lines are adjusted according to the range of a musket or arquebus: in our stronghold, I’ll follow the same rule, drawing from our defense line, which is the length of the sword, to determine its size.

The shape that was traditionally given to fortifications was round because it was stronger, more spacious, and more regular; but modern designers have changed it, introducing bastions with angles, which is more suited for defense. In this stronghold, I will apply the round shape, as almost all the movements made with the sword are in a circumference; I will also use angles in the manner of bastions, because it is deemed suitable for the purpose I aim for. To easily grasp the understanding and precision of the concept of this stronghold, I will first lay out the specific and appropriate terms of this science, the principles, guidelines, and common sayings, along with the definitions of Geometry applied to the use of the sword. With this knowledge, we can construct our stronghold; and once built, we can proceed by adhering to its precepts, focusing on the most essential and necessary materials found in the art of swordsmanship, demonstrating them mathematically, to satisfy our swordsman’s understanding. With this, his imagination or apprehensions will be assured, and his discourse (which might arise from this concept) will be at ease, for the more perfect the act of understanding is, the more perfect is the union of the understanding with the thing understood.