To whom can the Sword be dedicated with splendor, if not to the God of Armies? (1) To whom, if not to the one who came to overthrow the aerial Powers, with the most hidden cunning schemes, (2) evacuating the Principalities (3) from their allowed usurped domains? With a two-edged Sword in the mouth, and seven brilliant Stars, you let yourself be seen after the hypostatic union. (4) The variation not used of the instruments, qualifies the success of the sites. Light in all letters has been a Hieroglyphic of Science and Doctrine: The Sword, a noble instrument of defense, or revenge and varying the places, made the Skill show off its greatest marvels: for although the site of the Sword is the belt, of the light of Science the mouth; to render rebellious, Swords of two edges are made the lights: brandishing the rays of Science, for Science is the best Sword.
(1) Book of Isaiah 1:24
(2) Gregorius Magnus. 34th homily in Evangelia.
(3) First Epistle to the Corinthians 15:24
(4) He had seven stars in his right hand, and from his mouth came a sharp double-edged sword. Revelation 1:16.
Scripture has no voice that does not fill the greatest scope of human subtle intelligence with mysteries: light is seen in the hands, and Sword in the mouth. Against the Prince of Darkness, the idea was cleverly forged. If the Sword were in the hands, it would defend, not teach. If in the mouth the splendor of the Stars, his doctrine would enlighten, but not defend: and the rays are moved away from the mouth, fleeing from the hands the steel; because the blazon of the one who prides himself on being Skilled consists in defending by enlightening, and in enlightening by defending, with the light of Science becoming a Sword that illuminates, and the Sword being a star that cuts; that the knowledge shines in the streaks of the adversary, and cuts the intentions that the enemy fabricates.
If the Sword were placed in the hand, in that mysterious portrait the Soldier would be seen, not the Master, separating the practical from the speculative. If the Stars illuminated the mouth; it would register to the description of a Master without the executions of a Soldier, making divorce the theoretical from the practical: and the Sword is arranged in the mouth, and the light of the doctrine in the hand; because the sovereign degree of Doctor is linked with the illustrious title of Captain General; for in the greatest battle you wielded the Sword with skill.
It was a challenge in which you defeated the devil and the world, relying on the sublime in the hidden marvels of the art with which he who fought so confidently was defeated, thwarting his schemes (achieved by the neglect of men) without resorting to power, nor majesty with whom the triumph is not so glorious, for the adversary is inferior; but in the attire of man, a fragile condition (and by weakness found in the first man) in whose duel, as nature, the enemy was judged to be superior.His malignity deceived him, blinding him with the custom of winning: and for more disgrace, according to Augustine, your Sword was not of steel, but of wood, admiring for the instrument in your crowned temples the laurels, and in it the greatest sensible confusions.
There, in the plain of Paradise, seeing man as your creation, and as yours, his adversary; devising tricks, with zero movements and wanting to test his malice to where his skill reached, guarding the Castle with all the military precautions, which you had given to Adam, and his successors; intending to enter as a spy, to choose a place and means to conquer the square.He came to capitulations with the besieged, which seemed advantageous, impossible to achieve, easy to promise in one who does not keep words, and Adam chose a means of proportion, which was not, because the compass was mistaken, from which originated the original stumble: for it was, inducing pride by a curved line, what grace had to achieve by a straight line: and thus judging the first man of the world to have subjected the Sword of his adversary (which undoubtedly he would have with a deviation) he found himself with a vertical wound, from which came and comes our lamentable pain, lost the forces, and the weapons: increasing with the challenge the glory of the insolence of the adversary, for lack of skill, the combatant was defeated in the first battle.
You felt in man how punished he was, and the art of fighting, noting the place, and the instrument with which he was left with the breaking of the clay so common; not appreciating the triumph, but learning with the same art with which he had won. You took the same weapons from the same punished nature, in which his confidence was chastised: for when he counted the triumph by the number of wounds that the body received, intense pains; he was tightening the form, to whom he took away the laurels, ending up in the conclusion without value, for the novelty of being defeated by nature, who had defeated him, gaining laurels that before paid tributes: for your Sword was not content with giving her freedom, without taking it from the same one who took it away. Not in vain the Prophet applauds you. He drags triumphs, avenging the offense of the one who committed it. It is justice that the Sword surrender, to whoever teaches skill. Even the lightness of the gift is made appreciable by one’s own esteem, not having any other better jewel to dedicate: soliciting that in your defense (being our defense) a Sword that teaches how to fight is seen, and a light with which the Skilled one, can and can defend himself; from the rising of the sun to its setting, may your name be praiseworthy.
REVIEW OF REVEREND M.FR, FATHER MANUEL de Villarroel, Doctor of Theology, Chair of Scripture, and General Preacher of the Religion of Saint Benedict,
By commission of Mr. Don Nicolás Alvares D Peralta, Vicar of this town of Madrid, I have seen three volumes on the Skill of Arms, their author Don Francisco Lorenz de Rada. Knight of the Order of Santiago, Marquis of the Towers of Rada, Chancellor Major, and perpetual Registrar of the Kingdoms of New Spain; and I confess, that the remission of the review struck me as novel, as is the matter of my state, and of my profession the Arms, fearing before leafing through the Book, the judgment in mine, which made Hannibal, hearing precepts, and rules of the Philosopher Phocion: but led by curiosity with the shield of the precept, I discovered all the argument adjusted with accuracy to rational and natural Philosophical principles, on which he erects the entire beautiful edifice of Skill, working with precision the principles of Mathematics.
Justus Lipsius; from Milit.Roman. said, that the supreme consisted in Science, in Art, and in Practice. The Philosopher in his politics reduced it to Dialectical terms, of Definition, Composition, and Resolution. Only the voices are distinguished: for the definitive corresponds to science, the composite to art, and the resolutive to practice. The Author comprehends all of this successfully in the three volumes: in the first the scientific in principles, in the second the artful in precepts, and in the last the demonstrative in conclusions and practical resolutions. The most difficult thing in the actual exercise of the Sword, is the observation of the precepts of science: that even if for another intention Cicero said: Silent leges inter arma (Laws are silent among arms). But in these volumes it reaches the non plus ultra with the tie of speculation, and exercise, explaining in what is done, and doing in what is said: passing from the generic to the specific, and from this to the individual: from science to the art from art to the operation, which is the intention; and all with scientific division, giving each other a hand the ones that were born queens, Letters and Arms.
Horace said. Their divorce is always sadly lamentable.Spain mourns only Letters in the wise Don Alonso. France mourns only Arms in Charles VIII. It is necessary to unite them with Duarte, King of Portugal, who erected as his blazon the Lance surrounded by a Serpent. Courage is breath with faintness, if it does not have the skill of: science. Among the heroic symbols, none greater than that of Frederick III in the painting of an armed arm, writing in a Book, and the Epigraph: Hic regit, ille tuetur (This one rules, that one protects). With the precepts of the Books one learns to fight, with the Sword one defends the laws that the Books give: hence came the Proverb. Consfilum & auxilum, mens & manus, animus & gladius (Counsel and aid, mind and hand, spirit and sword). The splendor of the Sword is not risked in the hands of a scientist, rather for greater luster, science puts it in greater commitment. The Egyptians, in all mystery, learned in the academy of Memphis to paint Mercury with two faces, one aspect of an old man, another of a youth.In this age they expressed valor, science in the elderly, for the experiences of his age: and they united the extremes of science and bravery: because the greatest valor surrenders when skill jumps. What of our illustrious Solorzano case in his Political Emblems!
No one better than our Author can boast of Mercury in such a noble glorious faculty: as Hippocrates said in arte: To discover something of those things, which have not yet been discovered, which itself is known, rather than being hidden, seems to be the desire and the work of science: achieving with ingenuity the subtlety in the application of principles, the novelty in the invention of demonstrations, and the inventiveness in the clarity of conclusions with a rational order, both in the speculative and in the practical: being able to say now of the Sword, what the other Politician of the Compass: I guide & I am guided: for there is no movement, or time in its operations, that are not governed when they govern.
Nature can make the brave, but not the skilled: and without skill, there can be no bravery. The experts will be victorious in any combat, even if they are outnumbered: for without skill, bravery is a rush that damages itself, and the larger army will account for more victims to Mars. Antigonus founded this when, on being told of the excessive number of opposing combatants, inexperienced in military art, he replied: There is not one Soldier among so many who serve. And confident in his skill, Scipion Africanus in a not different situation, said to those who counted the enemy hosts by thousands: How many do you count me for? A skilled man is worth many: in whose concept Lucan said: There were two fighters in the situation; an army, and a man;
Any page of this book is flattery for the Spanish spirit, as its mercantile genius is polished, encompassed within the bounds of the art of offense and defense, without the intrepid nature throwing itself to be wounded in order to wound, a caution charged by Vegetius: It is not a skill, he says, that in executing the intent with the sword, the opponent reaps it. It teaches not to carry the sword as an adornment or stumbling block, when for those unskilled, it often serves as an obstacle. It teaches, along with dexterity, the luster of those who honor and are honored with the sword. Not only to carry weapons, but how to carry them: I mean, only to deal with them, because a sword without dexterity is not a sword: and there’s little difference between the coward and the unskilled; as one and the other merely carry the sword to hold it, but not to wield it: with the Author aiming not only to recommend the instrument, but also its weighty and careful handling; because it makes men. I can say with Seneca in Epistle 84. Such a spirit should be, that there are many arts in it, many teachings, examples of many ages, but all in agreement. Finally, I have not found anything that could stumble the most scrupulous, as there is no proposition that opposes our Holy Faith, in whose defense directs his study, and consecrates the steel: or that contradicts good customs: for which I think it should be granted, and appreciate the license he asks: With all due respect to a better judgment. San Martin de Madrid, and July 2, 1703.
The Master Friar Manuel de Villarroel
LICENSE OF THE ORDINARY.
We, the Licentiate Don Nicolas Alvarez de Peralta, Deputy Vicar of the town of Madrid and its District, Judge in the Court of the Nunciature of these Kingdoms, and Apostolic Proto Notary, &c. By the present, and as far as it concerns us, we give permission for the three Volumes of the Skill of Arms, composed by Don Francisco Lorenz de Rada, Knight of the Order of Santiago, Marquis of the Towers of Rada, Chancellor Major, and perpetual Registrar of the Kingdoms of New Spain, to be printed and published, considering that by our order they have been seen and recognized, and they contain nothing against our Holy Faith, and good customs. Madrid, November twenty-fourth of one thousand seven hundred and three year
Lic. D. Nicolas Alvarez
de Peralta.
By his command
Domingo de Goitia
By order of V.A. I have seen, read, and observed the three volumes that Don Francisco Lorenz de Rada, Knight of the Order of Santiago, Marquis of the Towers of Rada, Chancellor Major, and perpetual Registrar of the Kingdoms of New Spain, has written on the Science of the Sword, and wishes to bring to public light. In all of them, I have found no period that contradicts the statutes of a well-advised policy, nor clause that opposes the Laws and Ordinances of these kingdoms, but rather many useful things for the public and particular interest; because the license he requests should be granted, otherwise Spain would lose the noble works of this Author, and the scholars of Fencing would be without the erudite efforts of such a great subject; Spain would lose the glorious vanity of having such a great Writer, the convenience of the ambitious of the Science of the Sword to enjoy his revelations; therefore, it is just to ask for the license, and it should be given: Salvo meliori, with which my commission expired. But the obligation of affection does not expire, firstly to his many qualities; and secondly to the role of Soldier, which we both have exercised, where the affection of a martial correspondence is contracted; and I confess with sincerity that I am extremely fond of him, for his many and superior qualities; I leave those of his known quality, in which his happiness was due to the fortune of his birth, with which the highest providence had the direction, that he himself could choose for its nobility. This, which does not matter, wanted his cradle to be illustrious, because provident (most of the time) wants high progress not to have unworthy principles: and thus, he who turned out to be so superior in matters of valor, science, and studies, it seems that he should not lack the circumstance of nobility, so that the number of his successes would be complete; His valor is well demonstrated by the positions he has occupied: From science and studies; these Books he has written: From valor; in the occasions where he demonstrated skill, which only the spirit illuminates; so that it can be seen, that what was learned in the rehearsal with the black Sword is represented in the theatre of the white ones: without valor, study is useless, since without it there would be no service in the occasion: of the sciences, or study, because without it there would be no fever in the occasion: Of the sciences, and studies, his Works will better demonstrate than my praises.
I will not dwell on authorizing (if I could) his proposed demonstrations, because if he demonstrates without fallacy, he makes evident what he says, and what is clear in itself does not need proof; nor will I delve into the counterpoint of his doctrines, for fear of what happened to the orator Onosander with Hannibal of Carthage, who entered to hear the orator, and wished for him to hear the soldier, and said: He who has not experienced his doctrine will know the Art poorly: for jobs that consist of execution can hardly be known with mere knowledge. This I have, for my love of Mathematics, in whom this most noble Science of the Sword has its foundation, or to whom these Sciences (according to the opinion of this Author) are subordinate.What I can say, without my judgment seeming flattery or boasting, is (for that correlation, consonance, or combination of some Sciences with others, and of them with the written word) that D. Francisco treads new orbits of this Science, or recent spheres of this Art, being the inventor of a Science and Art of an unthought-of System, and of a sphere not yet constructed, and that, as a new Columbus of the Sword, he supplies gulfs of difficulties in Dexterity, and seas of discourse in demonstration.To find the new world, in the Castle, which he points out surrounds the Swordsman with the Sword; in the System that he imagines, that he mentally constructs, his most acute genius represents invisibly, of whom we can say what of the most subtle Astronomers, that if the Celestial Systems they imagine are not thus, they could make others in that way, not lacking reason; and thus we will say of our Don Francisco, that if the Swordsman is not thus fortified with the Sword in the Cylinder that he assumes, he could be thus, without opposing the truth.
Although it seems that he stole models, sketches, or outlines from our ancient professors of this Science, it cannot be said that he who invented new courses, flaming parallels; various demarcations, different poles, would make use of the old Charts, nor of the ancient detours; although it is true that all seek an end, not all go by the same path.
Until now, the path was marked by the circumference of confusion, by the periphery of obscurity; however, in these works, enthusiasts and scholars will find new short paths to follow; and although it may seem that he diverges into the labyrinth of other sciences, and into the knowledge of different histories, which could be criticized, what is diffused is not learned with clarity, nor is what is concise good, if it is ignored because of obscurity. A short enigma that is proposed is more tiring than a lengthy explanation that is understood; and when it is a foreign concept, enclosed in the obscurity of a hieroglyph, or tiring because of an enigma, it is a secret without a key, and a treasure in the field, or the arcana of Ramon Llull, who says, he reveals the philosopher’s stone, and the more he hides it, the more he teaches it.
Here, then, those fond of this virtue, Eutropelia of the Science of the Sword, will find infinite volumes, and in them the most intricate concepts. There is no Art, or Science that does not subordinate it. Here, then, we see Plato defrocked, Aristotle refined, Saint Thomas attended, Copernicus refuted, Euclid revered, Archimedes observed, without another infinity of Authors that he handles, more as a unique Scholastic, than as an excellent Soldier, which he is.
Here, understanding will be satisfied with the sweet nectar of truth, everything tested by demonstration, without the vain error of fallacy, or the unworthy wrinkle of sophistry: In the end, in these Works, those zealous of this Science have fertile fields of erudition, beautiful hanging gardens of the Sciences, without having other volumes to dry up, or other Treatises to understand. And so, we all owe Don Francisco immortal thanks for such a universally heroic benefit; for the cultivation of agile swordsmen, at first glance, seems to have no more use than that of the individual professor; and this, which seems a unique particular convenience, becomes a universal public benefit; because who knows that the only way to save an individual from a danger, may not become a universal public convenience, because this one who risked himself, could be a swordsman of such high hierarchy in quality, and personal endowments, that his absence would be a common public loss; and when this one was nothing more than the lowest vassal, it was enough largesse, that through dexterity he saved himself, and his opponent with the conclusion of this Science, from the unhappy insult of a fall, a damage in which nature first suffers, from which an individual is taken, for whose preservation, many volumes would not be in vain; for the sole one, according to the doctrine of Saint Thomas, Christ came to redeem; if this is man in eternity, much will be the proportion preserved in humanity: secondly, the King loses a vassal, who, as father of all, it is the same as taking away a son: the People a companion; so everyone loses in the outbursts of fury: the species its individual, the King his vassal, and the People its neighbor: and if all this is taken away, saved, and removed by dexterity in the occasions of wrath, we can give, as I have said, immortal thanks to the Author, who gives rules against the errors of wrath, and against the absurdities of a fury.
From here it follows that if there were many enthusiasts for the Sword, there would be more inclined towards war, where its jurisdiction is exercised more, although in the immensity of fires that have been invented, there is little room for its exercise; however, the one trained to not fear one will generate spirits to oppose many, as it is easier for the one who does not fear one to dare against many, than for the one who has a natural horror of all.
To have Soldiers, the utilities of the Republic are evident, since peace is the effect of war, and in the cultivation of this, that is seconded, and the laws speak if the arms are silent (although they do not live without each other); Arts shine and Sciences glow, trades are encouraged, and jobs grow, Religion increases: thus, for everyone, this public display of the fatigue of this studious subject is useful. And this, in the end, is my opinion: Salvo meliori. Madrid, and November 3, 1703.
SUMMARY OF THE PRIVILEGE
Don Francisco Lorenz de Rada, Marquis of the Torres de Rada, &c., has privilege from our Lord the King and the lords of the Royal Council to be able to print three volumes of the Science, Art, and Experience of Spain, as more extensively stated in its original, dispatched in the Office of Don Bernardo de Solis, Secretary of our Lord the King, and his most senior Chamber Clerk of those residing in the Council. In Madrid, on the 10th day of the month of November 1703.
ERRORS CORRECTED
I have seen these Books, titled Nobility of the Sword, whose splendor is expressed in three Books, composed by Don Francisco De Rada, Marquis of the Torres de Rada, &c., and it is in accordance with its original. Madrid, and June 9, 1705.
Don Jachin Benito
del Rio y Cordido.
General Corrector by His Majesty.
PRICE
Don Bernardo de Solis, Secretary of our Lord the King and his most senior Chamber Clerk of those residing in the Council; I certify that having been seen by the lords of a Book titled Skill of the Sword, composed in three volumes by D. Francisco Lorenz de Rada, Marquis of the Torres de Rada, &c., which with permission of the said lords has been printed, they priced at twelve maravedis each sheet of the said Book; which appears to have two hundred and eighty-nine, without beginnings or tables, which in this regard amounts to three thousand four hundred and sixty-eight maravedis. And they ordered it to be sold at this price, and this Certification to be placed at the beginning of the Book. And so that it is known, I signed it in Madrid on the tenth day of the month of June of the year seventeen hundred and five.
Don Bernardo de Solis
SONNET
Destreza has arrived at the last end,
Its accuracy reached the heights sought;
From theory to execution it’s brought,
With certainty and truth it does defend.
Now the author who came last is first,
With discourse and proofs so well wrought,
So geometrically designed and taught,
That in Rada another Euclid immersed.
With his teachings, one cannot ignore,
How to defend and how to strike,
In studying his works, one will explore,
And find amidst danger, how to thrive.
To the skilled executor, nothing more,
Is left to do, nor to contrive.
SONNET
Your subtle arguments, shown with such grace,
Are, Skilled Rada, a sight of sheer delight;
In lines and angles, I perceive the trace
Of geometric axioms, sharp and bright.
But with your sword and hand so well applied,
The doubtful will admire, seeing the true,
For deceit and falsehood, they have died,
In sight of such elevated marvels anew.
What was once much, now appears as none,
Seeing your knowledge, your discerning mind,
Crowning the empire of the Sword, well done;
And since you’ve ensured its greatness, well defined,
With theory and practice, under the sun,
“Non plus ultra” to your skill, we find.
DODECASTICHON
The Olympic laurel yields to you from the arena’s spear;
A blooming Palm adorns your palm.
What the compact [sword] covers, you reveal its secrets, Pyragmon;
You’re accessible, and Mars shows you a safe path.
So easily you reveal what’s in the sword and in the volume; how
Pallas Athena loves your warfare; cultivated Minerva cherishes [you].
Your right hand is as good in camps as it is in writings; it first
Occupies the place in the twin fortress of Pallas.
You prove your writings by the sword; you fix conflicts on the leaf;
In the matters of sword and leaf, you have sharpness.
You fight writing; you argue contesting: hence,
Undoubtedly, you shine like Caesar in both ways on the page.
And since in a public fair you generously flood the world with your doctrine, which is no less wise than it is serious: no one in such a noble matter; no one in such grave matters, folds the keys of money; because if he spends freely before, in the one who instructs and learns, the world will see what you know.
To this Book, then, which carves an immortal Temple to your name, in which where man learns, one and another example is engraved: I contemplate it so happily, that in the leaves of eternity, your heroism elevates, through Lines that the World praises, from the Temple of Fame, to that of Immortality.
The ancient philosophers, the more arcane they were, seemed to elevate their knowledge more, not divulging the height of their concepts, and the interior of their speculations: for this they used fables, hieroglyphics, terms, and means that their intelligence required, consistent study from which caused various interpretations, being a single truth of the Sciences.
Plato had Socrates as his master, and he distinguished himself by forming new ideas: what he esteemed as divine, he hardly explained it to acquire such renown. Aristotle, the great disciple of Plato, did not emulate Plato, but revealed himself to be opposed in style, in logic, in arguments reduced to more precision, to more categories, and distinctions; thus fitting the name of Philosopher by antonomasia: and yet they noted him as obscure, and he needed the comments of Theophrastus his disciple, Alexander of Aphrodisias, Averroes, and others, which were perfected by Saint Thomas: adding afterwards so many, and such learned men as in public schools multiply opinions, however those are valued, that with greater evidence convince with demonstrable reason to the understanding, as much as our limited human capacity admits, which being so, can advance more and more in Sciences, and in the Arts.
Its nobility is qualified, either by the superiority of the objects, or by the infallibility of the means by which they are investigated. By the object, the first degree is granted to Theology, to Metaphysics, to the grand construction of the elemental and ethereal regions, the structure and composition of man, a brief world in the physical, and great in the powers of the Soul, capable of reason and free will, with aptitude for successes and errors, merit and punishment, prepared for defense and offense, both in singular combat and in aggregation of many, operating with Mathematical Science: which, if not the most noble by the object, is superior in the infallibility of its means reduced to demonstrative arguments.
Cosmography comprehends from the first movable, to the center of the earth. Geography the part of its globe, whose surface is habitable. Hydrography the seas, and the waters. Chorography the Regions. Topography the Places. Geodesy the fields. And Stereometry the buildings, towers, hollow bodies, vessels, etc
Arithmetic has discrete quantity as its subject: it is subdivided into collection of numbers, subtraction, multiplication, and division; these are the first four species, from which the others are derived, as from the multiplication of one number by another, the area is produced, which if square, arises from the number being carried in itself, or in another equal to it, and if unequal, gives the length of the larger number, and the lesser the width: and to the square power is named “cenloz” and if the number is carried twice, once in itself and another in its product, the result is the solid, which they call cube, or “censo”, recognizing, and finding by the root the power, and by the power the root, which results from multiplication, subtraction, and division, and the same in the roots of various species, and their powers, with which the other terms, or names, are considered and recognized, from which the major art is formed, which they commonly call Algebra, or rule of the thing; and from one and the other, we proceed to the exact knowledge of continuous and discrete proportions, as Euclid teaches, and is done by sines and logarithms; and from all this follows the Symmetry of distances, elevations, and depths, and of plane and solid figures, spherical, cylindrical, and conical.
Astrology is considered the observation and judgment of the influences, aspects, and qualities of the Stars, and how they operate on the inferior elements, and bodies: and to the professors they operate in the Judiciary, Genethliacs, and Chaldeans, etc. Celio Rodiginus considers Gnomonics as a species of Astrology, which works in the knowledge of the shadows, caused by the lights of the luminaries through dense bodies, from which results the construction of clocks: and it is given as the inventor of this species to Anaximander, disciple of Thales of Miletus, as Diogenes Laertius reports.
Dioptics is that, with which are investigated the circles, and the intervals of the Sun, Moon, and Planets, caused by different aspects, of which Astrology makes so much use, in which is granted Astrolabe, with tympanums, and spider, is attributed to another Ptolemy (who they called Synesius) according to Andrés Diucio.
Music is divided into Theoretical and Practical; the speculative which is the Theoretical, is based on harmonic proportions, different from the Geometric and Arithmetic, that these are caused by discrete or continuous qualities; and Music of proportional harmonic numbers, as in the Double of the Diatessaron to the Diapason, which is like from 4 to 8 will be a harmonic proportional number, exceeds the first number 4 by 1.⅓; and it is exceeded by the number 8 by 2.⅔, which is the same Double; proportion in which the extremes 4 and 8 are, in which the excesses 1.⅓ 2.⅔ have.
The practical, or multivariate Music, is the one that through diversity of organs expresses and produces concerto, and harmony; and as the human voice exceeds in sound the other voices (not by nature, but by Art), it is reduced to compound proportions in the mind, where the harmonic concepts are the nerves, or index of formal harmony, which all together is called Music. This is what the Ancients signified in the fable, and from them the name Music was derived, as Andrés Diucio explains.
From such principles, making use of Geometry and Arithmetic as subordinate, the knowledge of machines, mechanics, military art, and the Skill of Arms, down to the most individual, Queen of all, which is the Sword, corresponding to the Sword, adornment, strength, and defense of man, used and esteemed by the Ancients and Moderns, with the qualities, and differences that will be shown among the introductions of these Books. As in Philosophy, Sciences, and Arts, the distinguished men in them, have sought to immortalize themselves with their writings; so too there are many who, driven by such glory, have written and brought to light various works of the Philosophy, and Skill of the Sword alone, and defensive and offensive weapons, which usually accompany it.
In Spain, imitating Plato in the dialogic method, the Commander Geronimo de Carranza wrote with the erudition, and eloquence that is notorious, titling his Book (which came to light) Philosophy, and Skill of Arms, showing in it his great talent, and knowledge he had of other Sciences; although as obscure as his contemporary in Italy Angelo Vigiano, who with the same Platonic method wrote on the same subject, forming trees to conceive the quality of the movements of the Sword, in parries, and blows: and both authors proceeded with such obscurity, that Carranza needed to refer to other Books, offering in them the individual precepts for perfection, and teaching of this Science: and as this work (which was expected) was not printed, nor is there any news of him leaving it in manuscript, the most essential of what was achieved by such a great subject is lacking.
And Don Luis Pacheco de Narvaez (like Aristotle to Plato) succeeded him, reducing to more precise and clear terms, with which he came to be greatly esteemed in the nations of Europe; and in Spain, for his merits, Don Luis (like the Philosopher of the great Alexander) was a worthy Master of our lord King Philip IV (who enjoys God’s favor), the Great, the greatest of the Monarchs of the Orb, who accepted the name of disciple of such a wise Master, as Botero demonstrates, and I (like Theophrastus) while not presuming wealth to comment on his writings, fulfill (at least) by writing in the same Science of the Sword, owing most of my encouragement to the affection that the writings of such a great man put in me: for having been born with a martial inclination, not completely disfavored by Minerva, nor viewed with bad aspects by Jupiter, and Mercury; I was barely eight years old when the name of the great Don Luis, whom everyone venerates as the Prince of this Science, struck my ears: this was the cause of awakening in my tender age such a passion, that it forced me to collect all his works, studying them with such fervor, and affection, that although I was not fortunate enough to be able to hear his live voice, I was favored by the same Planets as Don Luis; with these, and more than 28 years of study, that I have in his writings, and in those of all the other Authors, who have treated this Science, to whom I have examined the most hidden of their thought with all mathematical rigor, demonstrating it with my arm, and Sword for more than 20 years, both in this Court and throughout Europe, seeing if not the whole, at least a large part of what it cost Don Luis more than 50 years in the speculative and practical, in giving as he did, knowledge of the power of man in his parts, for the use, and perfection of the individual operations both ordered and disordered, deduced from his organization, and body composition, with rules, and observations so adjusted, that in order not to touch on his perfection, I refer to the much that in so many Books he did not leave taught; where the most curious will find, to his desires, always falling short of my praises in his praise, without admitting passion (for the affection his writings deserve) since the estimation is due.
I omit much (in order not to prolong this discourse) the repetition of the names and works that Italians, French, and Northern Europeans have published on such a great subject, each one applying themselves to the form and use of the Sword, according to their Nation, following various opinions in postures, and in movements, defending, and offending, that in order to compile them in a brief summary, large volumes are needed, as can be seen in Gerard Thibaut, a modern author, native of Antwerp, whose book is so large, and with so many prints, and so costly, that when it had nothing more than the decoration of them, it deserves worthy esteem, owing much to all those who have stayed awake to communicate the fruit of their labors, to find the perfect Skill of the Sword; noble instrument, frequent, and necessary to every honorable man.
And having seen so many authors, and through them recognized, that despite so much having been written about this Science (which it is), it has not been fully understood, as there are so many different opinions in speculation and action without complete satisfaction of Philosophers, Mathematicians, and practitioners, with only one goal in mind: self-defense, in offense against the opponent, in which by reason the means of achieving such should be so certain that they become infallible; since the Skill of the Sword is reduced to the combat of two, which is called a duel of Duela currency, which is commonly named two to two, according to the feeling of Paulo, and I to the intended argument thus.
In the Art of War (which is combat of many against many), the precepts, maxims, and method should be one. In the duel (combat of two), which is more abbreviated, the same reason applies, and even more strongly, due to the known equal weapons: therefore, in the Skill of the Sword (accompanied or alone), which is the main instrument of combat, the precepts, maxims, and method should be one. The greater is proven, recognizing in the Writers and Historians, the times, and the ways of warfare, which are ordered for combat, according to the weapons, persons, and positions; varying only as they are varied: the lesser is manifest, the consequence is inferred.
With this knowledge, we can qualify the Skill of the Sword (accompanied or alone) as a Science, in which the mathematical disciplines are subordinate, just as in Philosophy: from which it results that the Skill is a demonstrable Science, and most noble for the subject (which is the man with the Sword in hand) and for the certain way of proving, which is mathematical. This conclusion is true, and by it, and other foundations, I decide to take up the pen, without limiting the spirit of so many, and such learned ones who have written, since I follow the infallible means of mathematical demonstrations; both in composition, as in resolution, which are the two poles, or bases on which the Sciences rely; the former because it is a means of teaching, and the latter of achievement, and those who have deviated from these Mercurys, or courses, have lost the way, drowning in the stormy sea of various, and confused opinions, caused by the different thinking, and acting, without having achieved the infallible by the mathematically demonstrable, recognizing by Geometry the species of continuous and discrete quantity, which are reduced to line, angle, surface, and body, and the subject of Skill admits the same consideration: from which it follows that the means of proving Geometry, and the Skill can be one, insofar as both make use of the continuous, and discrete quantity, and of the mathematical entity, and demonstration that is produced from it.
The Skill is achieved through straight and curved movements, with the body, with the arm, and with the Sword; and these cannot be formed without the species of quantity: linear, angle, surface, and body. It follows, then, that Geometry and Skill admit certain demonstrable means: and if they are infallible in Geometry, they are also infallible in the Skill of the Sword, accompanied or alone.
That the movements of Skill, with the body, arm, and Sword cannot be performed without causing some of the species of quantity, is evident; because any point that moves, forms the trace of its movement: for example: The end, or point of the Sword moved straight or curved, necessarily forms its vertigo according to the species of its straight or curved movement; being mathematical, although not perceptible to the sight, the lines, surfaces or solids that are caused by the movement that only tears the air. But if these same movements were made and formed in dense matter, they would be physical and perceptible; from which it follows that if the thread of the Sword is moved, it must cause a flat or curved surface, according to the nature and trace of the movement: and consequently, if the surface is terminated, the movement of the surface or surfaces is demonstrable, by the definition of the cylinder that Euclid gives, saying it is a solid figure, caused by the revolution of a right parallelogram in circulation of one of its sides to the fixed one, until the moving one returns to the point where it began its movement.
And defining the right cone, he said it is the vertical point caused by the pyramid, whose base is a circle of a solid figure, caused by the revolution of a right triangle, on one of the sides that includes the right angle. Nothing in the exercise of the Sword is more proper, and its knowledge more necessary (in my opinion) than these pyramids, of which I have found no written Author in this Science of the Sword instrument, but in Don Luis in folio 26. line 6: of his New Science, where he names cylinders, and pyramids, etc. without applying them in all his works; being their knowledge as necessary as I said: and these figures being so well known by the Philosophers professors of the Mathematical discipline, and their speculation and demonstrations being very ancient; in which Menechmus, a disciple of Eudoxus, and contemporary of Amiclas, very familiar with Plato, is admitted as the inventor, of whom Proclus, and Diogenes Laertius, certify was the first, who put in demonstrable method the conic and cylindrical sections, found by Analysis (as reported by Andrès Diucio) illuminating them with superior accuracy Apolonius Pergeo, from whose Book the last ones were missing, which have been supplemented, and given intelligence to all by the Most Learned Reverend Father Claudio Ricardo noble, native of Burgundy, Religious of the Insigne Company of Jesus who in the most famous Imperial College of this Court of Spain has read Mathematics and brought to light such a useful, and lucid work, that has been printed in Amberes, as a crown of many that he has written: with which in the speculation we will find the most estimable, that benefits the purpose of the Science, and Skill of the Sword, with which the man can hardly make movement, that is not forming some pyramid, or portion of it, whose base many times describes the tip of the Sword, and the cut the surface; and in the centers of the arm, elbow, vein, and wrist are the vertex points; and in the intersection of the Swords, when an aggregation is made, and a contract of one in another; whose axis is imaginary.
At other times the hand describes the base; and the vertex point is considered at the tip of the sword, when it reaches a specific point on the opponent’s body (as will be explained in due course). The definition of the sphere also serves the intention, which (according to Euclid) is caused by the revolution of a semicircle, until it returns to the point from where it began to move; although this definition is more about the structure of the sphere than its essence. This leads to the definition of Theodosius, who said, it is a solid body, contained within a surface, in whose middle is a point that is named the center; from which all lines drawn straight to the circumference are equal. From one and other solid figures, sphere, pyramid, and cylinder, the learned Archimedes discovered and taught the most that we accumulate, deservedly earning, that as an insignia they placed one figure inside another, as Cicero refers.
These principles (so far little noticed in the Art of the Sword) are of such consequence and consideration that without them (in my opinion) the possibility of achieving them becomes quite impossible. This is corroborated by the common maxim of Philosophy which perceives understanding through the organs of the senses, or understands through some analogy of the visible. In the Art of the Sword, the former method is used, understanding through movements, which due to the speed at which they are made and formed, since the sword does not leave a visible trace where it passes, it is very difficult to comprehend with the sense of sight, from where it has to be transferred to understanding; because it cannot be proportioned with visible distinction what physically takes place and is seen due to the accelerated movements of the sword, as is experienced in the rigor of combat, as far as the act is concerned. And consequently, neither can the understanding comprehend, nor can it conceive a formed discourse, from which evidence results in the visible.
However, what is so inaccessible in the physical is supplemented by the means of metaphysical imagination, by the similarity of pyramidal, cylindrical, and spherical figures, or their portions; due to the similarity they have with the proper and contrary movements, no matter how vehement and accelerated they may be, facilitating understanding with mathematical demonstrations that make physical representation perceptible to the eye. In this way, they can come to understand the differences in movements that are made and formed with the Sword: thus more perfectly regulating defense and offense in man, who is the object of this Science.
For greater understanding, let’s take the first example of optics, which through the imagination of lines, angles, surfaces, and bodies metaphysically formed in the air, without being comprehended by the visual sense, produces marvelous effects in perspective; as demonstrated by Vitellion, and the Archbishop of Canterbury in the common work he left written, whose demonstrations confirm our intention: just as painting also demonstrates; with the value of straight and curved lines, light and dark, produced by the outlines of imagined bodies, according to visual proportions, placing them in such a way, that the result of their operation on a plane, deceives the eyes with illusions of light, that perceive apparent things as true. Therefore, sculptural painting was first before brush painting, as inferred from Pliny, and others in different places, conceding the first brush to Apollodorus of Athens, in the opinion of Juan Rungio Gripwaldense; and both methods were born from lines, surfaces, and bodies premeditated ideally for physical works; as also in the speculations of celestial movements, both of the prime mover, and of the other spheres and stars, their appearances, and courses, knowledge results from various figures, found in fantasy, and operated in demonstrations. As can be seen in Ptolemy, in the Great Construction, and in his Expositors, who imagine circles, caused by different stars, and points, and granting eccentric and concentric orbs, different equants, and epicycles, come to exact knowledge of the course of the Planets, aspects, distances, and eclipses, caused by the pyramidal shadows that the Sun produces for the earthly body, which is also seen in Gnomonics, which through the same means of conical shadows gave diverse designs of sundials.
In Cosmography, circles and triangles are also investigated, which distinguish and demonstrate the zones, climates, and places, from where the elevations of the Pole, the diversity of the artificial days, and everything else that includes the knowledge, and use of the natural and armillary sphere is derived, achieving the art of navigation by course and altitude in which there is no little to discuss with regard to the intention.
In speculative Music, from which the practice is produced (as has been touched upon), the harmonic proportions are found in the mind, from where we come to the knowledge of what are the harmonic proportional numbers between their extremes, from where in action the concept, and harmony is formed, just as also in the combat of the Sword, first it is known in the mind what is the means of proportion between the extremes, and what is the proportionate; with which a certain species of harmony in movements reduced to two compasses and proportions is achieved, in which the more skillful is more victorious. In this consideration it is worth noting the introduction, form, and sound of the war instruments, their differences, and compasses, found, and reduced to the Military Art in combat, ordinance, and fight, both in the singular contest, and its trials, jousts, and tournaments, in which skill is learned, as in the realities of duel, and war, recognizing that in one, and the other there is harmony.
Assuming this, it is not unreasonable and without discussion that the Skill of Arms is dealt with, inquired into, and achieved with the very means of the examples referred to; and that as Mathematics are subordinate, it chooses from them what is convenient for speculative and practical regulation, and movements of the arm, and of the Sword reduced to method, that straight and curved lines, circles, surfaces, and solid spherical, cylindrical, and pyramidal solids, means of proportion, and proportionate are formed in the air; and that by the proper order of everything, postures, dispositions, movements, and operations of the body are regulated and executed on the horizontal planes on which it moves, or elevates, imagining, and choosing such circular, or straight paths, as in calm, or stormy navigation, that conceding in the understanding, without perceiving with distinction in sight the wake of the Ship, serve as a guide in the great sea of the Skill of the Sword, in which although the whole seems almost incomprehensible; I will try to advance as much as I can, reducing power to determined acts, with such brevity, and clarity, that neither burdens the memory, nor disturbs the understanding; but facilitates it in such a way, that with average ingenuity, and agility, one can recognize, and achieve what with many years of studies, and experiences, exercise, and communications has been accumulated, to form this work with all perfection, keeping in it precepts, and rules of Philosophy, and Mathematics, proceeding by principles, arguments, and demonstrations, from the universal to the special, constructing this building to perfection, making firm bases the definitions, requests, axioms, hypotheses, and analysis, as accepted in Philosophy, and Mathematical disciplines, as well as the ones of Skill, conforming in terms with the most accepted in the Sciences, and Arts, to achieve the greatest clarity, in which I put special care, wishing to be understood, and to make myself understood, excluding the affectation of phrases, and exquisite words, because it is not in the sonorousness of words, and locutions the essential, but in the substance, explained with pure, chaste, and proper language, as the Philosopher teaches, noting the differences. Readers and students, receive my affection, which is to succeed, so that my greatest reward is your censure adjusted to reason, which I will appreciate as a teaching.
Farewell.